فصلنامه فلسفه دین
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 42، بهار 1398)

Pathological look at atheism has brought up different points of view about its reasons in recent studies. Its psychological viewpoint called "dysfunctiobal father" introduced by Paul vitz and Pasquini peruse the rule of emotional, mental and educational damage in atheism ontology which Pasquini compared it with the life and thoughts of popular atheists. In addition to, he also studies the social reasons such as media and advertisement, philosophers schools,the dominant system of the society, the confrontation between religion and science.

For Spinoza, God or Substance is a unique and absolute fact. He acclaims that his essence is enough to prove the actual and real existence of god. Spinoza explains this point in the eleventh proposition in the MORAL book and then he supports this proposition by four types of proofs and trying to prove the existence of God. His proofs are expressing the necessity of God's existence through his essence imagination, his absolute ability to being and create the beings that it is due to the lack of obstacle for his being. Then it is possible to imagine the God as the most complete and infinite essential being. Indeed, all of his proofs are reduced and referenced to the clear and determined imagination in Descartes that it can be deduced the existence of God from his imagination. Finally, the proofs of Spinoza are either rebuilding of previous proofs or repeating them that they are presented independently in one proposition with some small differences

One of the most crucial issues in philosophy of religion is verification of religious proposition. Subject matter of this problem is whether religious propositions are verifiable by reason or not. This present article aim at analyzing both proponent and opponent’s idea. Some opponents are of rationalist whom intend to abandon faith in favor of reason, and some are fideists which in their idea faith is unreachable by reason and other are positivists which state that only those propositions are cognitively meaningful that pass empirical observation. On the contrary, some by possibility theory and other by choosing classical foundationalism or reformed epistemology as an epistemological base, endeavor to prove verifiability of religious propositions. Mathematical certainty is a precious gift that each of abovementioned group try to argue over the possibility of its achievement and based on that claim that religious propositions are whether verifiable or not. Just classical foundationalism claim responsibility for providing such certainty. In this article we take into deep and concise consideration both opponent and proponent’s evidence and criticize them and to prove such certainty in religious propositions not only is possible but in fact has already occurred.

The immortality of soul in the philosophy of Avicenna and Thomas Aquinas is two separate destinies. While Thomas adhered to the principles of Aristotelian science about the form of the soul for the body, as well as how the body communicates with the body, it endangers immortality in its philosophy, but Ibn Sina complained about the advent of the teachings of the first teacher's self-knowledge. It takes perfection in the definition of the soul and instead of the face, as well as the explanation of the relationship between the soul and the body on the dignity of the action of the soul and not the intrinsic unity of the two. The present paper tries to discuss the issue of immortality of the soul in the light of the relationship between the soul and body from the perspective of the two great philosophers of the East and West, Avicenna and Thomas Aquinas.

Also Plato's has not used explicitly the title of the symbol in his philosophical debate but by concentrating on his works we can grasp the meaning of the symbol in his philosophy through his application of symbol. For he considers the symbol as a presentation of the symbolized. The importance of the theory of idea which is the core of Plato's ontological theories, plays a central role insemantics of the symbol so that the relation of the symbol and the symbolized is based upon the relation of the copy and its participation with the real, and participation means presentation. So in Plato the analysis of the meaning of the symbol means that there are symbolic relations in the levels of real existing world; so that the sensibles are the symbols of ideas, and ideas are the symbols of the principle of the good (i.e. the god in Plato's philosophical system). By explaining God's position in the existence, and the relation of all beings with Him, it becomes clear that God is the principles of a unity who never becomes a symbol for anything, and knowing and describing His essence is possible merely through knowing the symbols.

With the decline of church dominance and the denial of the beliefs of the church theology, and even the existence of God as the only entity in the organization and functioning of human life, the Western thinkers determined to redefine truth and human identity by drawing on transcendental guides and human-based bases. In this way, human alienation has been particularly appreciated by existentialist philosophers. However, the complex depth of human truth failed the efforts of the selfish people to pursue the desirable and transcendental goals of mankind, and it manifested the importance and necessity of resorting to the teachings of revelation. The present paper, with the documentary-analytical method, while outlining the unfinished efforts of the existential thinkers, is aimed at revealing human alienation in order to use the Qur'anic teachings to answer the questions about the true self and manifestations of its alienation, and to protect from alienation it draws up Qur'anic procedures of recitation, prayer, and repentance.

One of the most important subjects in the study of religions is discussion about the nature and quality of the relation between human being and God especially because in many religions, the final happiness has founded on this relationship. In this context, Zoroastrianism with his unique approach to God, order of World, ontological status of human and morality, has prepared an obscurant view in this matter and its different aspects. This article has been founded in direction to study and analysis of Zoroastrian view and books about the nature of relation between human and Ahura-Mazda. So this study uses the descriptive-analytic method. We have proved that in Zoroastrian doctrines, the most important relation between God and Human is the ontological one. In this context human must found epistemological relation with God and in this context, he should worship God and make ordered his deeds in ground of orthodox orders, and by this he can construct the best relation with God. This kind of connection has some profits that include supporting Aŝa (divine and ethical order of the world), decay of Ahriman (evil and devil) and final happiness in hereafter. Thus, we can say that in Zoroastrian doctrines as appeared in Avestan and Pahlavi works, the juridical and soteriological relationship between God and man have their roots in ontological one.

Religion and ethics have been considered for long as the two key elements of human life, and the relationship between the two has always been a controversial issue. Consequently, the main question of the article at hand revolves around this key point, and we aim at investigating Wainwright’s viewpoint in this regard. Accordingly, Wainwright’s viewpoint about Kant’s ethical theory in general and Kant’s opinion about self-authority in particular are expressed and examined. Then, Wainwright’s evaluation of the reasons for and against the divine command theory is explicated. The findings demonstrate that from Wainwright’s viewpoint, the criticisms against the divine command theory can be answered and there are numerous reasons to defend this theory. At the end, through a comparison of the divine command theory with other existing theories on the relationship between religion and ethical issues, Wainwright concludes that despite its shortcomings, the divine command theory is currently the best theory for the explanation of the ethical issues. In sum, it seems that the divine command theory enjoys more objectivity than other ethical theories.